Upgrade StorageCameron Abney and Associates Blog Review Formulas and Conversion Charts
Cameron Abney and Associates Blog Review Formulas and Conversion Charts
A. Boiler Formulas
Boiler Horse Power (HP):
BHP = (Lb/hr) * FE / 34.5
where Lb/hr is pounds of steam per hour and FE is the factor of evaporation.
Steam:
S=HP * 34.5 * t
where HP is boiler horsepower and t is time (h).
Cycle of Concentration of Boiler Water:
CYC=Bch / FCh
where Bch is ppm water chlorides and FCh is ppm feedwater chlorides.
Differential Setting (lb):
Delta S = P1 - P2
where P1 is the cutout pressure and P2 is the cut in pressure
Factor of Evaporation:
FE = SH + LH / 970.3
where SH is the sensible heat and LH is the latent heat.
Force (lb):
F=P / A
where P is pressure (psi) and A is area (in^2).
Horsepower (HP):
HP=(d * t) / (t * 33000)
where d is distance, F is force, and t is time.
Inches of Mercury (in):
InHG=P / 0.491
where P is pressure
Percent of Blowdown:
%BD=(PP - RP) / PP
where PR is popping pressure and RP is reseat pressure
Rate of Combustion (Btu/hr) RC=H / (Vf * t)
where H is heat released (BTU), Vf is volume of furnace (ft^3), and t is time (hr).
Return Condensate Percentage in Feedwater RC%=(MC – FC) / (MC – CC)
where MC is the makeup conductivity (μohms), FC is the feedwater conductivity (μohms), and CC is the condensate conductivity (μohms).
Static Head Pressure (lb)
SHP= Bpr * 2.31
where Bpr = boiler pressure (psi)
Temperature Conversions:
F to C
C = (F – 32) / 1.8
C to F
F = (1.8 * C) + 32
Total Force (lb)
TF = P*A
where P is pressure (psi) and A is the area of valve disc exposed to steam (sq. in.)
Water Column (in)
WC = P / 0.03061 where P is pressure (psi).
Flue gas analysis:
Boilerflue gas analysis is used todetermine
combustion efficiency.
CarbonDioxide (CO2)
Indicates completecombustion
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Indicates incompletecombustion
Oxygen (O2)
Indicates thepresenceof excess air
Oxidesof Nitrogen(NOx)
A product of hightemperaturecombustion
Combustibles
Material thatburns whenexposed to oxygen andheat
It is typical to target oxygen levels of 8% in low fire and 3% in high fire for gas fired burners.
It is typical to target oxygen levels of 6% in low fire and 4% in high fire for oil fired burners.
Johnston Boiler Company recommends no greater level than 200 ppm of Carbon Monoxide in its burner operation. The acceptable “Industry Standard” level is 400 ppm or less.
Johnston Boiler Company recommends zero combustibles for a gas fired burner.
Johnston Boiler Company recommends a maximum #2 Smokespot (Ringelmann Chart) in its oil fired burner.
For a burner originally adjusted to 15% air, changes in combustion air temperature and barometric pressure cause the following in excess air:
Air Temperature
BarometricPressure (In.HG)
ResultingExcess Air %*
40
29
25.5
60
29
20.2
80
29
15.0
100
29
9.6
120
29
1.1
80
27
7.0
80
28
11.0
80
29
15.0
80
30
19.0
40
31
34.5
60
30
25.0
80
29
15.0
100
28
5.0
120
27
-5.5
* Expressed as a percent of the Stoichiometric air required.
C. Energy Loss From Scale Deposits
ENERGY LOSS
FROM SCALE DEPOSITS IN BOILERS
SCALE THICKNESS(INCHES)
EXTRA FUEL COST(PERCENT)
1/32
8.50
1/25
9.30
1/20
11.10
1/16
12.40
1/8
25.00
1/4
40.00
3/8
55.00
1/2
70.00
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